100 open-access research papers from The Scientific Institute for Generative Intelligence. Our publication programme investigates how AI systems select, rank, and cite information sources, providing original data, controlled experiments, and frameworks for the emerging discipline of Generative Engine Optimisation.
Sentiment Threshold Dynamics in Large Language Model Evaluation of Service Provider Ratings: A Controlled Single-Variable Experiment
Replication Considerations and Methodological Validation of Rating-Sentiment Threshold Probes in Generative AI Systems
The Price-Credibility U-Curve: How Service Pricing Magnitude Affects Large Language Model Sentiment Assessment
Methodological Framework for Pricing-Sentiment Probe Design: Volatility Analysis and Threshold Stability
The Award Count Paradox: Non-Linear Credibility Assessment of Claimed Design Awards by Generative AI
Qualitative Response Analysis in Award-Count Credibility Probes: How LLMs Frame Award Claims Across Magnitude Ranges
Client Portfolio Size and AI Credibility Assessment: An Oscillating Signal with No Positive Ceiling
Comparative Volatility Analysis: Awards versus Client Count as LLM Credibility Signals
Review Volume Versus Rating Magnitude: How Large Language Models Resolve Conflicting Social Proof Signals
The Statistical Reasoning of AI Evaluators: Bayesian Parallels in LLM Social Proof Assessment
Domain Age as a Non-Signal: A Controlled Null Result in LLM Service Provider Evaluation
The Irrelevance of Temporal Provenance: Implications of the Domain-Age Null Result for Generative Engine Optimization Theory
Entity Density and AI-Assessed Citability: A Controlled Probe of Content Specificity Thresholds
Content Specificity as a Prerequisite for AI Citation: Qualitative Citability Assessments Across Entity Density Levels
List Magnitude and Entity Anchoring: How Request Size Affects Which Service Providers LLMs Recommend
Computational Scaling in LLM List Generation: Resource Allocation Evidence from Magnitude Probes
Position Primacy Bias in LLM Evaluation of Pre-Supplied Rankings: The First-Position Advantage
Geographic Entity Mismatch Rejection: A Controlled Test of Contextual Consistency in LLM Ranking Assessment
The Content Depth Sweet Spot: Source Length Effects on LLM Credibility Assessment with Negative Inversion at High Volume
Information Burial and the 5,000-Word Inversion: Why More Content Can Reduce AI Citation Probability
A Taxonomy of 77 Trust Signals in AI Citation Decisions: An Introspective Framework from a Single Large Language Model
Content Structure Signals in AI Citation: Question Headings, Direct Answers, and Self-Contained Paragraphs
Technical Infrastructure Signals and AI Citation: From JavaScript Dependency to Robots.txt Configuration
Authority and Provenance Signals: Named Authorship, Methodology Sections, and Source Citations in AI Trust Evaluation
Commercial Independence as a Trust Signal: Paid Placement Declarations and Revenue Model Transparency
Schema Markup and AI Citation: A Signal-by-Signal Analysis of 11 Structured Data Types
Social Proof Signals in AI Evaluation: From Verified Reviews to Multi-Platform Presence
Negative Trust Signals: Eight Patterns That Actively Reduce AI Citation Probability
Inference-Time Versus Training-Time Signal Processing: A Dual-Layer Model of LLM Trust Evaluation
The Minimum Viable Trust Stack: Identifying the Smallest Signal Set for Maximum AI Citation Impact
Content Uniqueness and Information Gain: How Original Research Creates Forced Citation in AI Systems
Structural Signals in AI Citation: Comparison Tables, Lists, and Heading Hierarchy as Extraction Facilitators
Cross-Platform Entity Signals: sameAs Schema, Multi-Platform Presence, and Knowledge Graph Integration
The Epistemological Limitations of LLM Introspective Trust Signal Research: A Critical Self-Assessment
From Introspection to Experimentation: A Priority-Ranked Behavioral Validation Agenda for 77 Trust Signals
A 60-Variable Comparative Dataset for Studying AI Citation Behavior Across Service Industry Websites
Structural Correlates of AI Citation: An Observational Analysis of 22 On-Page Metrics
Schema Markup and AI Citation: Observational Evidence Against a Simple Positive Relationship
H2 Heading Taxonomy and AI Citation: A Classification Study of 232 Headings Across 21 Websites
Lexical Signatures of AI-Cited Versus Non-Cited Service Websites: A 306-Word Corpus Analysis
The GEO Vocabulary Paradox: Why Meta-Language About AI Citations Correlates with Their Absence
First-Paragraph Framing and AI Citation: An Observational Study of Opening Content Strategies
Content Volume Without External Validation: An Observational Study of High-Volume Zero-Citation Websites
Pricing Transparency Across Service Verticals: A Comparative Content Analysis
External Link Ecosystems and AI Citation: An Observational Analysis of Outbound Link Patterns
Image Count Disparity and AI Citation: Deconstructing the 30.7x Ratio Observation
Citation Score Distribution Across Four Service Verticals: Patterns of AI Visibility in Specialized Markets
CTA Density and Commercial Language in AI-Cited Versus Non-Cited Websites
Named Entity Density in Service Website Content: An Observational Comparison of Cited and Uncited Sites
The Confound Problem in Observational GEO Research: Why 21-Site Comparisons Cannot Support Causal Claims
Training-Data Commercial Knowledge in Large Language Models: What AI Systems Know About Paid Placement Practices
The Dual Bias Mechanism: How Training-Time and Inference-Time Commercial Knowledge Combine in AI Citation Decisions
A Five-Tier Trust Hierarchy for AI Citation Sources: From Independent Journalism to Promotional Content
The Editorial Vacuum: Zero Independent Sources in a Competitive Service Query Space
Query Framing Effects on AI Source Selection: How Single-Word Changes Alter Source Pools
Search Position Versus Citation Priority: Evidence for a Separate Re-Ranking Pass in AI Answer Generation
Content Extraction by Source Type: What AI Systems Extract from Directories, Listicles, and Agency Homepages
The Memory-Citation Feedback Loop: How Conversational Context Creates Per-User Citation Advantages in AI Systems
Freshness Versus Domain Authority: Observational Evidence of Temporal Override in AI Search Results
Entity Density in Search Snippets: How Meta-Description Content Affects AI Extraction Utility
Platform-Specific Citation Dominance: Observational Evidence of Directory Market Share in AI Recommendations
The Self-Ranking Circular Citation Economy: How Service Providers Create Self-Referencing AI Recommendation Loops
The New Publication Advantage: How Absence of Training-Data Bias Creates a Trust Signal Opportunity
Trust Signal Taxonomy for AI Citation: Signals That Increase, Decrease, and Have Neutral Effects on Citation Probability
De-Linking in AI Citation: How Large Language Models Strip URLs and Reconstruct Attribution
The Logic-First Research Methodology: An Evidentiary Standard for Generative Engine Optimization Claims
The Seven Logic Gates for GEO Research: A Framework for Validating Claims About AI Citation Behavior
The Evidence Hierarchy for Generative Engine Optimization: Mapping Research Methods to Confidence Levels
Single-Variable Isolation in AI Behavior Research: The Probe Experiment Design Template
The Confidence Statement Template: Standardizing Uncertainty Communication in GEO Research
The Claim Audit Checklist: A Pre-Publication Quality Gate for GEO Research
The Signal Access Matrix: Determining Which Factors LLMs Can Actually Evaluate at Inference Time
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory: Applying the INUS Framework to GEO Factor Analysis
Sentiment Analysis as a Measurement Instrument for AI Behavior Probes: Validity and Limitations
The 6-Layer Pipeline Test Matrix: A Comprehensive Research Design for Studying AI Citation Behavior
The Confound Matrix: A Practical Tool for Identifying Uncontrolled Variables in GEO Research
Reclassifying GEO Findings: Applying the 7-Gate Framework to Separate Validated Findings from Hypotheses
Cross-Model Replication Requirements for GEO Research: Why Single-Model Findings Are Preliminary
Red Flags in GEO Research: Common Analytical Errors and How to Detect Them
Designing Experiments to Disprove: The Falsification Imperative in Generative Engine Optimization Research
Content Vocabulary Patterns in AI-Visible Service Markets: A 306-Word Frequency Analysis
Heading Structure as Industry Signal: A Taxonomy of H2 Patterns Across Service Verticals
155 Empirical Observations from AI Search Pipeline Experiments: A Structured Catalog
Format Capture: How Cultural Entities Override Mathematical Meaning in AI Search Responses
Temporal Routing in AI Search: A Four-Stage Model of How Year-Format Queries Are Processed
The 4.9 Star Credentialing Effect: Differential AI Processing of Near-Perfect Versus Perfect Ratings
Stable Internal Entity Rankings: How AI Models Maintain Consistent Recommendations Across Query Magnitudes
Geographic Mismatch Rejection in AI Rankings: Active Versus Passive Non-Recognition
Service Industry Competitive Dynamics in AI Citation: Market Concentration and Entity Dominance Patterns
The llms.txt Adoption Gap: Zero Implementation Across 21 Service Websites in 2026
Limitations of the SIGI Research Program: A Comprehensive Self-Assessment
The Introspection Problem: Why LLM Self-Reports About Citation Behavior May Not Reflect Actual Computation
Replication Challenges in AI Behavior Research: Why Findings May Not Hold Across Models, Time, or Domains
The Confound Epidemic in Published GEO Research: How Observational Comparisons Are Misrepresented as Causal Findings
Ethical Considerations in AI Citation Behavior Research: Conflict of Interest, Manipulation Potential, and Transparency Requirements
Future Research Directions: A Priority-Ranked Agenda for GEO Evidence Upgrading
From 129 Probes to Publishable Science: The Evidence Pipeline for Converting AI Behavioral Observations into Research
What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Don't Know: A Tripartite Classification of GEO Knowledge
The Role of Original Research in Establishing Academic Credibility for a New Scientific Institute
A Meta-Analysis Framework for Consolidating GEO Evidence: Toward Level 7 Confidence
Our findings inform practical GEO strategy. For applied implementation of these research insights, speak with the team at TDS GEO Agency.